COPD Index Sources and Citations

Select the link below to go to the relevant section

Executive Summary and Introduction

  1. Boers E, Barrett M, Su JG, et al. Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Through 2050. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346598. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598
  2. Politico. (2023). Speaking up for COPD: A global call for policy action. Politico. https://www.politico.eu
  3. Politico. (2023). Speaking up for COPD: A global call for policy action. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/
  4. World Health Organization. (2023). Household air pollution and health. https://www.who.int
  5. Poll initiated and funded by AstraZeneca. Act on COPD. Common, Preventable, Treatable: Has COPD been underprioritised? 2022. Available from: https://qrcgcustomers.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/account21372441 [Accessed 7 Aug 2024]
  6. Winders T. Making COPD a public health priority starts here: understanding the condition. Politico. 2023 Aug 3. Available from: https://www.politico.eu/
  7. Celli B, Fabbri L, Criner G, Martinez FJ, Mannino D, Vogelmeier C, Montes de Oca M, Papi A, Sin DD, Han MK, Agusti A. Definition and Nomenclature of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Time for Its Revision. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Dec 1;206(11):1317-1325. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0671PP. PMID: 35914087; PMCID: PMC9746870.
  8. Chen, S., Kuhn, M., Prettner, K., Yu, F., Yang, T., Bärnighausen, T., Bloom, D.E., & Wang, C. (2023). The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020–50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 11(8), 1183-1193. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/.
  9. European Respiratory Society on behalf of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS). The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease, Second Edition. 2017. https://www.who.int/.
  10. Santos, N. C. D., Miravitlles, M., Camelier, A. A., Almeida, V. D. C., Maciel, R. R. B. T., & Camelier, F. W. R. (2022). Prevalence and Impact of Comorbidities in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review. Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, 85(3), 205–220. [https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2021.0179] (https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2021.0179)
  11. European Respiratory Society, 2024. MEPs and respiratory health experts voice concern over budget cuts to lung health and warn of knock-on effects. [online] Available at: [https://www.ersnet.org] (https://www.ersnet.org).
  12. Patel, J. G., Coutinho, A. D., Lunacsek, O. E., & Dalal, A. A. (2018). COPD affects worker productivity and health care costs. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 13, 2301–2311. [https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S163795] (https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S163795)
  13. Boers E, Barrett M, Su JG, et al. Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Through 2050. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346598. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598
  14. Drummond MB, Wise RA, John M, Zvarich MT, McGarvey LP. Accuracy of death certificates in COPD: analysis from the TORCH trial. COPD. 2010 Jun;7(3):179-85. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2010.481695. PMID: 20486816; PMCID: PMC4802970.
  15. Lindberg A, Lindberg L, Sawalha S, Nilsson U, Stridsman C, Lundbäck B, Backman H. Large underreporting of COPD as cause of death - results from a population-based cohort study. Respir Med. 2021;186:106518. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106518. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/. [Accessed 7 Aug 2024].
  16. Rehman, Anees ur; Hassali, Mohamed Azmi Ahmad; Muhammad, Sohail Ayaz; Harun, Sabariah Noor; Shah, Shahid; Abbas, Sameen . (2019). The economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Europe: results from a systematic review of the literature. The European Journal of Health Economics, (), –. doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01119-1
  17. D'Amato G, Cecchi L, D'Amato M, Annesi-Maesano I. Climate change and respiratory diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2014 Jun;23(132):161-9. doi: 10.1183/09059180.00001714. PMID: 24881071; PMCID: PMC9487563.
  18. Huan Minh Tran, Ting-Wu Chuang, Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Feng-Jen Tsai, Climate change and mortality rates of COPD and asthma: A global analysis from 2000 to 2018, Environmental Research, Volume 233, 2023, 116448, ISSN 0013-9351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116448.
  19. Bastin AJ, Starling L, Ahmed R, Dinham A, Hill N, Stern M, Restrick LJ. High prevalence of undiagnosed and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at first hospital admission with acute exacerbation. Chron Respir Dis. 2010;7(2):91-7. doi: 10.1177/1479972310364587. Epub 2010 Mar 18. PMID: 20299538.
  20. Thew G, MacCallam J, Robinson J, et al. M6 Can clinical psychology input improve care quality and reduce admissions among patients with respiratory disease?
    Thorax 2015;70:A229.
  21. Celli B, Fabbri L, Criner G, Martinez FJ, Mannino D, Vogelmeier C, Montes de Oca M, Papi A, Sin DD, Han MK, Agusti A. Definition and Nomenclature of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Time for Its Revision. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Dec 1;206(11):1317-1325. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0671PP. PMID: 35914087; PMCID: PMC9746870.
  22. Boers E, Barrett M, Su JG, et al. Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Through 2050. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346598. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598
  23. Chen, S., Kuhn, M., Prettner, K., Yu, F., Yang, T., Bärnighausen, T., Bloom, D.E., & Wang, C. (2023). The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020–50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 11(8), 1183-1193. Available at: [https://www.thelancet.com] (https://www.thelancet.com)[Accessed 10 Jul. 2024].
  24. European Respiratory Society on behalf of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS). The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease, Second Edition. 2017. [https://www.who.int/] (https://www.who.int/).
  25. European Respiratory Society, 2024. MEPs and respiratory health experts voice concern over budget cuts to lung health and warn of knock-on effects. [online] Available at: [https://www.ersnet.org/news-and-features](https://www.ersnet.org/news-and-features [Accessed 10 July 2024].
  26. Boers E, Barrett M, Su JG, et al. Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Through 2050. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2346598. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598
  27. D'Amato G, Cecchi L, D'Amato M, Annesi-Maesano I. Climate change and respiratory diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2014 Jun;23(132):161-9. doi: 10.1183/09059180.00001714. PMID: 24881071; PMCID: PMC9487563.
  28. Huan Minh Tran, Ting-Wu Chuang, Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Feng-Jen Tsai, Climate change and mortality rates of COPD and asthma: A global analysis from 2000 to 2018, Environmental Research, Volume 233, 2023, 116448, ISSN 0013-9351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116448.
  29. Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
  30. Ozoh OB, Ayo-Olagunju T, Mortimer K. Meeting Unmet Needs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis and Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Aug 15;208(4):352-354. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202307-1167ED. PMID: 37459643; PMCID: PMC10449070.
    28 Clari, M., Ivziku, D., Casciaro, R., & Matarese, M. (2018). The unmet needs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review of qualitative findings. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 15(1), 79–88. ]https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2017.1417373] (https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2017.1417373)
  31. Marc Miravitlles, Claus Vogelmeier, Nicolas Roche, David Halpin, João Cardoso, Alexander G. Chuchalin, Hannu Kankaanranta, Thomas Sandström, Paweł Śliwiński, Jaromir Zatloukal, Francesco Blasi
    European Respiratory Journal 2016 47: 625-637; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01170-2015
  32. Joo, M. J., Sharp, L. K., Au, D. H., Lee, T. A., & Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2013). Use of Spirometry in the Diagnosis of COPD: A Qualitative Study in Primary Care. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 10(4), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2013.766683
  33. Jige Dong, Zhanjun Li, Lihua Luo, Hongzhi Xie, Efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in improving the quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Evidence based on nineteen randomized controlled trials, International Journal of Surgery, Volume 73, 2020, Pages 78-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.11.033.
  34. World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://iris.who.int
  35. Meghji, J., Mortimer, K., Agusti, A., Allwood, B.W., Asher, I., Bateman, E.D., Bissell, K., et al., 2021. Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions. The Lancet, 397(10277), pp.928-940. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00458-X .
  36. Lowe KE, Make BJ, Crapo JD, Kinney GL, Hokanson JE, Kim V, Iyer AS, Bhatt SP, Hoth KF, Holm KE, Wise R, DeMeo D, Foreman MG, Stone TJ, Regan EA. Association of low income with pulmonary disease progression in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ERJ Open Res. 2018 Nov 12;4(4):00069-2018. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00069-2018. PMID: 30443555; PMCID: PMC6230816.
  37. World Health Organization. (2024). General availability of peak flow measurement/spirometry at the primary health care level. WHO Global Health Observatory. Retrieved July 23, 2024, from https://www.who.int/
  38. Salinas, G. D., Williamson, J. C., Kalhan, R., Thomashow, B., Scheckermann, J. L., Walsh, J., … Foster, J. A. (2011). Barriers to adherence to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease guidelines by primary care physicians. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 6, 171–179. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S16396
  39. Oates, G. R., Hamby, B. W., Stepanikova, I., Knight, S. J., Bhatt, S. P., Hitchcock, J., … Dransfield, M. T. (2017). Social Determinants of Adherence to Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 14(6), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2017.1379070
  40. Oates, Gabriela R. PhD; Niranjan, Soumya J. PhD, BPharm; Ott, Corilyn PhD; Scarinci, Isabel C. PhD, MPH; Schumann, Christopher MS; Parekh, Trisha DO; Dransfield, Mark T. MD. Adherence to Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF PATIENT PERSPECTIVES ON BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 39(5):p 344-349, September 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000436
  41. Elisabeth Arnold, Anne Bruton, Caroline Ellis-Hill, Adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation: A qualitative study, Respiratory Medicine, Volume 100, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1716-1723, ISSN 0954-6111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.02.007.
  42. Hicks A, Healy E, Sandeman N, Feelisch M, Wilkinson T. A time for everything and everything in its time - exploring the mechanisms underlying seasonality of COPD exacerbations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018 Sep 5;13:2739-2749. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S146015. PMID: 30233164; PMCID: PMC6130531.
  43. Cooke, C.R., Joo, M.J., Anderson, S.M. et al. The validity of using ICD-9 codes and pharmacy records to identify patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Health Serv Res 11, 37 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-37
  44. NHS England. (n.d.). Reducing length of stay. NHS England. Retrieved July 26, 2024, from https://www.england.nhs.uk/


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Australia

  • Resources

    1. https://copdx.org.au/
    2. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/
    3. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/integratedcare/
    4. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Yang IA, George J, McDonald CF, McDonald V, Ordman R, Goodwin A, Smith B, McNamara R, Zwar N, Dabscheck E. The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2023. Version 2.72, October 2023. Available at: https://copdx.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FINAL_COPDX-V2-71_V4.pdf
    • COPD strategy: Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2022) National strategic action plan for lung conditions, Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/national-strategic-action-plan-for-lung-conditions?language=en
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Australia: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2024) Pathology, imaging, and other diagnostic services. Available at: [AIHW Report]
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Lung Foundation Australia (2024) Pulmonary rehabilitation. Available at:
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Oxygen Therapy. What exactly is it? (2017, December 12). Easy Oxygen Australia. https://easyoxygen.com.au/blogs/articles/what-is-oxygen-therapy
    • Home care reimbursement: Carers Australia (2024) Centrelink payments for carers. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Australia: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: Digital Therapeutics Alliance (2022) Australia: Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways. Available at: [DTx Alliance]
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024. Relative Poverty: Share of People Below 60% of the Median.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Commonwealth Fund. 2024.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024. COVID-19 vaccination doses per capita.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange, S., Probst, C., Rehm, J. and Popova, S. (2018) 'National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Lancet Global Health, 6, pp. e769–e776. Available at: [Lancet Global Health]
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Austria

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Sozialversicherung (n.d.) 'Content of the website'. Available at: [Sozialversicherung]
    • COPD strategy: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=22
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2020) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: [WHO Financial Protection in Europe]
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Vonbank K, Zwick RH, Strauss M, Lichtenschopf A, Puelacher C, Budnowski A, Possert G, Trinker M. Richtlinien für die ambulante pneumologische Rehabilitation in Österreich [Guidelines for outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in Austria]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2015 Jul;127(13-14):503-13. German. doi: 10.1007/s00508-015-0766-y. Epub 2015 Apr 3. PMID: 25835594.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients' Associations (EFA), 2014. Minimum Standards of Care for COPD Patients in Europe. Available at:
    • Home care reimbursement: Eurocarers, n.d. Austria: Country Profile. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Montellier, M., Delpech, R., Mion, M., Boué, F. and Metzger, M-H. (2022) 'Designing and describing an electronic referral system to facilitate direct hospital admissions', BMC Primary Care, 23(1), p. 57. Available at:
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: No information retrieved.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Belgium

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=22
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2020) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: [WHO Financial Protection in Europe]
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Janssens W, Corhay JL, Bogaerts P, Derom E, Frusch N, Dang DN, Kibanda J, Ruttens D, Thyrion L, Troosters T, Marchand E. How resources determine pulmonary rehabilitation programs: A survey among Belgian chest physicians. Chron Respir Dis. 2019 Jan-Dec;16:1479972318767732. doi: 10.1177/1479972318767732. Epub 2018 Apr 9. PMID: 29631422; PMCID: PMC6302967.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Home Oxygen Therapy. (n.d.). Fgov.Be. Retrieved March 5, 2024, from https://kce.fgov.be/sites/default/files/2021-11/kce_156c_home_oxygen_therapy_0.pdf
    • Home care reimbursement: https://gardemaladeadomicile.be/en/what-are-the-costs-of-home-caregivers-in-brussels-in-2023/#:~:text=Unlike%20other%20health%20services%2C%20in,to%20access%20for%20many%20families.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Brazil

  • Resources

    1. https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/
    2. https://www.gov.br/
    3. [http://antigo-conitec.saude.gov.br/)
    4. https://linhasdecuidado.saude.gov.br
    5. https://cdn.publisher.gn1.link/jornaldepneumologia.com.br/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Brazil: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Brazil: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Fernanda Gushken, Thaiz C. Colognese, Maira T. Rodrigues, Mayra Zanetti, José Luiz Bonamigo-Filho, Luciana D. N. J. De Matos, Luiza Helena Degani-Costa
      European Respiratory Journal Sep 2020, 56 (suppl 64) 831; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.831
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: No information retrieved.
    • Home care reimbursement: IBGE (2023) 'IBGE releases per capita household income 2023 for Brazil and federation units'. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Brazil: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: Medical Xpress (2022) 'Telemedicine in Brazil grew during the pandemic and is likely to stay', Medical Xpress. Available at:
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: HEALTH AT A GLANCE: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2023. OECD/World Bank. 2023.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Barbalho et al. 2022.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: No information retrieved.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Canada

  • Resources

    1. https://cts-sct.ca/wp-content/uploads/
    2. https://www.hqontario.ca/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Canada: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Canada: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Camp PG, Hernandez P, Bourbeau J, Kirkham A, Debigare R, Stickland MK, Goodridge D, Marciniuk DD, Road JD, Bhutani M, Dechman G. Pulmonary rehabilitation in Canada: A report from the Canadian Thoracic Society COPD Clinical Assembly. Can Respir J. 2015 May-Jun;22(3):147-52. doi: 10.1155/2015/369851. Epub 2015 Apr 7. PMID: 25848802; PMCID: PMC4470547.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Lacasse, Y., Bernard, S., & Maltais, F. (2015). Eligibility for home oxygen programs and funding across Canada. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 22(6), 324-330.
    • Home care reimbursement: Government of Ontario (n.d.) 'Home and Community Care', Government of Ontario. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Canada: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Commonwealth Fund. 2024.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: Information CIfH. Health Workforce in Canada, 2017 to 2021: Overview.; 2021.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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China

  • Resources

    1. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/
    2. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/
    3. http://en.nhc.gov.cn/
    4. https://www.gov.cn/
    5. https://seleguide.yiigle.com/uploads/guide_html
    6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
    7. https://rs.yiigle.com/cmaid/1312180
    8. https://rs.yiigle.com/cmaid/1499889
    9. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cmunursing (COPD management guideline for primary care 2024)
    10. Respiratory Disease Prevention & Treatment Plan (2024 – 2030)

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). China: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). China: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Pan F, Lu AT, Mao X, Hu F, Zhang H, Han B. Physicians’ Knowledge of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2024;19:121-131
      https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S429517
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Jiang, W. X., Wang, Y. C., Song, H. X., Xiao, M., He, F., Jiang, S. Y., ... & Hu, L. Y. (2023). Characteristics of home oxygen therapy for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in China: results of a multicenter cohort study. World Journal of Pediatrics, 19(6), 557-567.
    • Home care reimbursement: Government of China (2024) 'China's health policy focuses on improving primary care', Government of China. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). China: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DTx Alliance (2022) 'China: Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways', DTx Alliance. Available at:
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Wang W, Li M, Loban K, Zhang J, Wei X, Mitchel R. Electronic health record and primary care physician self-reported quality of care: a multilevel study in China. Glob Health Action. 2024 Dec 31;17(1):2301195. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2301195. Epub 2024 Jan 11. PMID: 38205626; PMCID: PMC10786430.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: No information retrieved.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: No information retrieved.
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Czechia

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Marc Miravitlles, Claus Vogelmeier, Nicolas Roche, David Halpin, João Cardoso, Alexander G. Chuchalin, Hannu Kankaanranta, Thomas Sandström, Paweł Śliwiński, Jaromir Zatloukal, Francesco Blasi
      European Respiratory Journal 2016 47: 625-637; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01170-2015
    • COPD strategy: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=22
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=22
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Inferred data.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Disability. (n.d.). Mpsv.Cz. Retrieved March 5, 2024, from https://www.mpsv.cz/web/en/disability
    • Home care reimbursement: Eurocarers. 'Country profiles: Czech Republic'. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: English E-O. Improving the Czech health care system. Oecd.org. https://one.oecd.org/document/ECO/WKP(2018)70/en/pdf Misa. Health insurance in the Czech Republic - Integrační centrum Praha. Integrační centrum Praha. 2020; published online Nov 3. https://icpraha.com/en/zdravotni-pojisteni-v-cr-en/
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Denmark

  • Resources
    1. https://lungemedicin.dk/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=23
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=23
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Godtfredsen, Nina & Sørensen, Tina & Lavesen, Marie & Pors, Birthe & Dalsgaard, Lone & Dollerup, Jens & Grann, Ove. (2018). Effects of community-based pulmonary rehabilitation in 33 municipalities in Denmark – results from the KOALA project. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 14. 93-100. 10.2147/COPD.S190423.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Sørensen, S. S., Storgaard, L. H., & Weinreich, U. M. (2021). Cost-effectiveness of domiciliary high flow nasal cannula treatment in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 553-564.
    • Home care reimbursement: Eurocarers. 'Country profiles: Denmark'. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Denmark. Commonwealthfund.org. 2020; published online June 5. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/denmark
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Estonia

  • Resources
    1. https://ravijuhend.ee/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=24
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=24
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Butšelovskaja, Aleksandra, 2018. Kroonilise obstruktiivse kopsuhaigusega patsiendi taastusravi. Eesti Arst, [online] 97(8), pp.456-463. Available at: https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/EA/article/view/16848/11739.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Regionaalhaigla, P.-E. (2014, January 7). Pulmonology. Regionaalhaigla | Investeerime Inimeste Tervisesse. https://www.regionaalhaigla.ee/en/pulmonoloogiakeskus-eng
    • Home care reimbursement: Secher, K.V., Ljungdalh, P.M.M., Siren, A.P., Lind, J. and Rasmussen, L.J.H., 2021. Changes in health-related quality of life in patients with complex chronic conditions after a community-based person-centered intervention: a Danish pragmatic randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics, [online] 21(1). Available at: <https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-021-02069-1>.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Finland

  • Resources

    1. https://www.kaypahoito.fi/
    2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31046969/
    3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35863770/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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France

  • Resources

    1. https://www.has-sante.fr/
    2. https://sante.gouv.fr/
    3. https://www.has-sante.fr/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=26
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=26
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Guecamburu M, Coquelin A, Rapin A, Le Guen N, Solomiac A, Henrot P, Erbault M, Morin S, Zysman M. Pulmonary rehabilitation after severe exacerbation of COPD: a nationwide population study. Respir Res. 2023 Apr 7;24(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s12931-023-02393-7. PMID: 37029390; PMCID: PMC10082500.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Garattini, L., Cornago, D., & Tediosi, F. (2001). A comparative analysis of domiciliary oxygen therapy in five European countries. Health policy, 58(2), 133-149.
    • Home care reimbursement: Service Public, 2024. Family support allowance (ASF). Available at: <https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1069?lang=en> [Accessed 19 July 2024].
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). France: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DTx Alliance, 2022. France Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways. Available at: <https://dtxalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/France-Regulatory-and-Reimbursement-Pathways.pdf> [Accessed 19 July 2024].
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Germany

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Heinmüller, S., Schaubroeck, E., Frank, L., Höfle, A., Langer, M., Saggau, K., Schedlbauer, A. and Kühlein, T., 2020. The quality of COPD care in German general practice—A cross-sectional study. Chron Respir Dis, [online] 17, p.1479973120964814. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7720304/>.
    • COPD strategy: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=27
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=27
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Gloeckl, R., Schneeberger, T., Jarosch, I., & Kenn, K. (2018). Pulmonary rehabilitation and exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115(8), 117-123. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0117
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Gottlieb, J., Schrepper, H., Valtin, C., Welte, T., Dierich, M., Fühner, T., & Golpon, H. (2021). Quality of Domiciliary Oxygen Therapy in Adults with Chronic Respiratory Diseases—Results of a Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Germany. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 118(45), 767.
    • Home care reimbursement: Handbook Germany, n.d. Home Care. Available at: <https://handbookgermany.de/en/home-care>.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Germany: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DTx Alliance, 2024. Germany Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways. Available at: <https://dtxalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Germany-Regulatory-and-Reimbursement-Pathways_2024.pdf> [Accessed 19 July 2024].
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Greece

  • Resources

    1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=28
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=28
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Anastasaki M, Trigoni M, Pantouvaki A, Trouli M, Mavrogianni M, Chavannes N, Pooler J, van Kampen S, Jones R, Lionis C, Tsiligianni I. Establishing a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in primary care in Greece: A FRESH AIR implementation study. Chron Respir Dis. 2019 Jan-Dec;16:1479973119882939. doi: 10.1177/1479973119882939. PMID: 31742441; PMCID: PMC6864042.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Hamed. 2024. https://eu-healthcare.eopyy.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ΕΚΠΥ-2018.pdf
    • Home care reimbursement: EU Healthcare, 2024. Healthcare Costs in Hellas. [online] Available at: <https://eu-healthcare.eopyy.gov.gr/en/healthcare-costs/heathcare-costs-in-hellas/>.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Groenewegen, P.P. and Jurgutis, A., 2013. A future for primary care for the Greek population. Quality in Primary Care, [online] 21(6), pp.369-378. Available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512835/>.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Hungary

  • Resources

    1. https://www.neak.gov.hu/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: ISRCTN, 2024. Impact of a novel intervention on health outcomes. Available at: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN13019180.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Valko, L., Baglyas, S., Gal, J., & Lorx, A. (2018). National survey: current prevalence and characteristics of home mechanical ventilation in Hungary. BMC pulmonary medicine, 18, 1-7.
    • Home care reimbursement: KSH, 2017. Health Care Services Available During Temporary Stay in Hungary. Available at: <https://www.ksh.hu/dgins2017/health_care_services_available_during_temporary_stay_in_hungary_form.pdf>.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Referring order. Gov.hu. https://egeszsegvonal.gov.hu/en/health-care-system/refering-order.html Network ESP. ESPN Thematic Report on Inequalities in access to healthcare: European Commission, 2018. Hungarian health insurance. International Citizens Insurance. 2020; published online July 18. https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/europe/hungary.php
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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India

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS)
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). India: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). India: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Augustine, Anulucia1; Bhat, Anup1,; Vaishali, K1; Magazine, Rahul2. Barriers to pulmonary rehabilitation – A narrative review and perspectives from a few stakeholders. Lung India 38(1):p 59-63, Jan–Feb 2021. | DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_116_20
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Shebl, E., Modi, P., & Cates, T. D. (2018). Home oxygen therapy.
    • Home care reimbursement: Global Legal Insights, 2024. Pricing and reimbursement laws and regulations in India. Available at: https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/pricing-and-reimbursement-laws-and-regulations/india/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). India: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: eSanjeevani. 2024.
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Commonwealth Fund. 2024.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: No information retrieved.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: No information retrieved.
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Ireland

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Irish College of General Practitioners Quick Reference Guide (ICGP QRG). Title of guide. Dublin: ICGP; 2024. Available at: www.icgp.ie
    • COPD strategy: HSE National Clinical Programme for Respiratory Disease
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Italy

  • Resources

    1. https://www.salute.gov.it (Linee Guida nazionali di riferimento per la prevenzione e la terapia- Age.na.s 2010)
    2. Italian Gold document
    3. https://www.sipirs.it
    4. https://www.salute.gov.it (COPD guidelines)

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Pulmonary rehabilitation in Italy: professional barriers to overcome
      Bruno Balbi, Nicolino Ambrosino, Marta Lazzeri, Franco Pasqua, Michele Vitacca, Enrico Clini
      European Respiratory Journal Nov 2014, 44 (5) 1382-1383; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00098714
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Garattini, L., Cornago, D., & Tediosi, F. (2001). A comparative analysis of domiciliary oxygen therapy in five European countries. Health policy, 58(2), 133-149.
    • Home care reimbursement: Ministry of Health, 2024. Italian Health Service. Salute.gov.it. Available at: https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/cureUE/dettaglioContenutiCureUE.jsp?lingua=english&id=3916&area=cureUnioneEuropea&menu=italianHealthService.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Italy: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Japan

  • Resources

    1. https://www.jrs.or.jp
    2. https://www.nibiohn.go.jp
    3. https://www.mhlw.go.jp

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: OECD. 2022.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Japan: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Japan: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Katsura, H. and Imamura, S., 2023. Pulmonary rehabilitation survey in Japan in 2022; comparison with survey in 2014. European Respiratory Journal, 62(suppl 67), PA970. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.PA970.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Kozui, K. I. D. A. (2011). Home Oxygen Therapy in Japan: Clinical application and considerations for practical implementation. JMAJ Research and Reviews, 54(2), 99-104.
    • Home care reimbursement: Japan Hospital Physicians Network, 2024. Medical Service Fee System. Available at: https://japanhpn.org/en/section-7-2/#:~:text=The%20medical%20service%20fee%20system%20reimburses%20providers%20from%20insurance%20funds,and%20medical%20devices%20actually%20provided.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Japan: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DTx Alliance, 2022. Japan Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways. Available at: https://dtxalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Japan-Regulatory-and-Reimbursement-Pathways.pdf.
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Takeshita et al. 2022.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: No information retrieved.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Latvia

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: No information retrieved.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Lithuania

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: No information retrieved.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Netherlands

  • Resources
    1. https://puc.overheid.nl
    2. [https://www.longaanval.nl](https://www.longaanval.nl/inhoud- zorgpad/kwaliteitstandaard/)
    3. https://software.memic.maastrichtuniversity.nl
    4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=31
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=31
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Spruit, M.A., Van’t Hul, A., Vreeken, H.L. et al. Profiling of Patients with COPD for Adequate Referral to Exercise-Based Care: The Dutch Model. Sports Med 50, 1421–1429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01286-9
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Kampelmacher, M. J., Rooyackers, J. M., & Lammers, J. W. (2001). CBO guideline'Oxygen therapy at home'. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 145(41), 1975-1980.
    • Home care reimbursement: Holland Zorg, 2024. Care in Your Own Home. Available at: https://www.hollandzorg.com/insured/reimbursements2024/care-own-home.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). Netherlands: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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New Zealand

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: New Zealand Respiratory Guidelines, 2023. COPD Guidelines. Available at: https://www.nzrespiratoryguidelines.co.nz/uploads/8/3/0/1/83014052/nz_copd_guidelines_web.pdf.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). New Zealand: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Diagnosis: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). New Zealand: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: bpacnz, 2017. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available at: https://bpac.org.nz/2017/copd.aspx.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Myacc_balance. (n.d.). Boc.Co.Nz. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://www.boc.co.nz/shop/en/nz/oxygen-therapy
    • Home care reimbursement: Te Whatu Ora, 2024. Carer Support Subsidy. Available at: https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-providers/claims-provider-payments-and-entitlements/carer-support-subsidy/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: The Commonwealth Fund. (n.d.). New Zealand: International Health Care System Profiles.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Commonwealth Fund. 2024.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Norway

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Helsedirektoratet, 2023. KOLS retningslinjer. Available at: https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/retningslinjer/kols.
    • COPD strategy: Nasjonal strategi for KOLS-området 2006-2011
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Poland

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: A review of national guidelines for management of COPD in Europe
    • COPD strategy: A review of national guidelines for management of COPD in Europe
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Portugal

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients’ Associations, 2014. Minimum Standards of Care for COPD Patients in Europe. Available at:
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Caneiras, C., Jácome, C., Oliveira, D., Moreira, E., Dias, C. C., Mendonça, L., ... & Winck, J. C. (2021, November). The Portuguese Model of Home Respiratory Care: Healthcare Professionals’ Perspective. In Healthcare (Vol. 9, No. 11, p. 1523). MDPI.
    • Home care reimbursement: Eurocarers, 2024. Country Profiles: Portugal. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Lenzi, T. and Sanches, C., 2022. Saúde pública em Portugal: como funciona e como ter acesso. Euro Dicas. Available at:
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Saudi Arabia

  • Resources

    1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov// SICAD 2014 currently being updated

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Secretary General. 2021.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: Council of Health Insurance (CHI), n.d. Insurance Drug Formulary (IDF). Available at:
    • Diagnosis: Almalki ZS, Alahmari AK, Alshehri AM, Altowaijri A, Alluhidan M, Ahmed N, AlAbdulsalam AS, Alsaiari KH, Alrashidi MA, Alghusn AG, Alqahtani AS, Alzarea AI, Alanazi MA, Alqahtani AM. Investigating households' out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures based on number of chronic conditions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study using quantile regression approach. BMJ Open. 2022 Sep 28;12(9):e066145. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066145. PMID: 36171033; PMCID: PMC9528624.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Aldhahir AM, Alghamdi SM, Alqahtani JS, Alqahtani KA, Al Rajah AM, Alkhathlan BS, Singh SJ, Mandal S, Hurst JR. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD: A narrative review and call for further implementation in Saudi Arabia. Ann Thorac Med. 2021 Oct-Dec;16(4):299-305. doi: 10.4103/atm.atm_639_20. Epub 2021 Oct 26. PMID: 34820017; PMCID: PMC8588944.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Alhelali, R. A., McNabb, S. J., & Memish, Z. A. (2016). Evaluation of home respiratory therapy delivered to patients in the Ministry of Health’s Home Medical Program (HMP) and administered through the Madinah HMP Center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 6(1), 19-27.
    • Home care reimbursement: Saudi Arabia Government Portal, n.d. Health Care in KSA. Available at:
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024. [https://chi.gov.sa/en/beneficiary/healthinsurancepolicy/Updated%20Essential%20Benefit%20Package%20%20(%20effective%201%20October%202022).pdf (https://chi.gov.sa/en/beneficiary/healthinsurancepolicy/Updated%20Essential%20Benefit%20Package%20%20(%20effective%201%20October%202022).pdf)
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: Council of Healthcare Insurance. 2024.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: No information retrieved.
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Slovakia

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Kubincová A, Takáč P, Kendrová L, Joppa P, Mikuľáková W. The Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Mountain Environment on Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Chronic Bronchitis. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Sep 12;24:6375-6386. doi: 10.12659/MSM.909777. PMID: 30206201; PMCID: PMC6146764.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: No information retrieved.
    • Home care reimbursement: Dorko, E., Kalman, M., & Halánová, M. (2011). Home care in Slovakia. Available at: ResearchGate.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Matkovská Z. When do you need a referral slip from a doctor? SME.sk. 2018; published online Oct 15. https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20938480/when-do-you-need-referral-slip-from-a-doctor.html
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: No information retrieved.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Slovenia

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Grmek Kosnik I. Tuberculosis in Slovenia from 1882 to 2020. Zdrav Vestn. Available at: https://vestnik.szd.si/index.php/ZdravVest/article/view/2471/2832.
    • COPD strategy: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Hafner T, Pirc Marolt T, Šelb J, Grošelj A, Kosten T, Simonič A, Košnik M, Korošec P. Predictors of Success of Inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program in COPD Patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023 Nov 8;18:2483-2495. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S425087. PMID: 38022820; PMCID: PMC10640831.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: No information retrieved.
    • Home care reimbursement: Government of Slovenia, 2020. Slovenia takes decisive action to fight the epidemic and help the population and the economy. Available at: https://www.gov.si/en/news/2020-06-01-slovenia-takes-decisive-action-to-fight-the-epidemic-and-help-the-population-and-the-economy/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Zdravstvene napotnice: Kakšne so razlike in kako jih uveljavljamo. Čakalne dobe. 2019; published online July 19. https://www.cakalnedobe.si/nasvet/zdravstvene-napotnice-razlike/ Výmenné lístky. dovera.sk. 2018; published online July 31. https://www.dovera.sk/poistenec/potrebujem-poradit/navsteva-lekara-a-prevencia/vymenne-listky
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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South Korea

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Park YB, Yoo KH. The current status of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease awareness, treatments, and plans for improvement in South Korea: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Jun;13(6):3898-3906. doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-172. PMID: 34277079; PMCID: PMC8264709.
    • COPD strategy: Park, H.J., Kim, S.-R., Kim, S., Lee, H.S., Kim, B.Y., Kim, H.K., Ahn, S.I., Shin, J.H., Lee, J.-H., and Park, J.-W., 2021. Influence of government-driven quality assessment program on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7981961/.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2015). Republic of Korea health system review. Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2015). Republic of Korea health system review. Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Kim HJ, Choi HE, Jang HJ, Kim HK, Park JH, Lee JH, Kim TH. Current status and trends of pulmonary rehabilitation in South Korea: National level data analysis using Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database from 2016 to 2018. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 14;101(41):e31085. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031085. PMID: 36254088; PMCID: PMC9575737.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Kim, J. K., Jang, S. H., Park, S., Kim, J. H., Park, J. Y., Yoo, K. H., ... & Hwang, Y. I. (2020). Current situation of home oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(4).
    • Home care reimbursement: Ministry of Employment and Labor, 2024. Available at: https://www.moel.go.kr/english/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: OECD. The public health system in Korea. In: OECD Reviews of Public Health. OECD, 2020.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DTx Alliance, 2022. South Korea Regulatory and Reimbursement Pathways. Available at: https://dtxalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/South-Korea-Regulatory-and-Reimbursement-Pathways.pdf.
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Spain

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Toubes-Navarro ME, Gude-Sampedro F, Álvarez-Dobaño JM, Reyes-Santias F, Rábade-Castedo C, Rodríguez-García C, Lado-Baleato Ó, Lago-Fidalgo R, Sánchez-Martínez N, Ricoy-Gabaldón J, Casal-Mouriño A, Abelleira-Paris R, Riveiro-Blanco V, Zamarrón-Sanz C, Rodríguez-Núñez N, Lama-López A, Ferreiro-Fernández L, Valdés-Cuadrado L. A pulmonary rehabilitation program reduces hospitalizations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A cost-effectiveness study. Ann Thorac Med. 2023 Oct-Dec;18(4):190-198. doi: 10.4103/atm.atm_70_23. Epub 2023 Oct 17. PMID: 38058789; PMCID: PMC10697305.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: García-Talavera, I., & Figueira-Gonçalves, J. M. (2016). Ambulatory oxygen therapy in COPD patients with oxygen desaturation during exercise. COPD, 1, 1-3.
    • Home care reimbursement: Euroweeklynews.com. 2022. Home care in Spain for expats. Available at: https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/06/30/home-care-in-spain-for-expats/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024. World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=22
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Sweden

  • Resources

    1. https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/
    2. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

    • Treatment and drug access: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Diagnosis: World Health Organization (2023) Can people afford to pay for health care? Evidence on financial protection in 40 countries in Europe. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374504/9789289060660-eng.pdf?sequence=29
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Arne, M., Emtner, M., Lisspers, K., Wadell, K., & Stallberg, B. (2016). Availability of pulmonary rehabilitation in primary care for patients with COPD : a cross-sectional study in Sweden. EUROPEAN CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL, 3. Published. https://doi.org/10.3402/ecrj.v3.31601
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: Ahmadi, Z., Björk, J., Gilljam, H., Gogineni, M., Gustafsson, T., Runold, M., ... & Ekström, M. (2024). Smoking and home oxygen therapy: a review and consensus statement from a multidisciplinary Swedish taskforce. European Respiratory Review, 33(171).
    • Home care reimbursement: Eurocarers.org, n.d. Country Profiles: Sweden. Available at: https://eurocarers.org/country-profiles/sweden/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: OECD. State of Health in the EU: Sweden Country Health Profile 2021. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/b9027e42-en.pdf?expires=1681385952&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=29AC456DAC9B7DDA9667E2DD0CAA1913
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: Eurostat. Unmet health care needs statistics: EU-SILC Survey. 2023 (2022 data).
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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Switzerland

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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United Arab Emirates

  • Policy Context
    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Secretary General. 2021.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.
  • Access and Care Coverage
    • Treatment and drug access: MetLife UAE (n.d.) Basic Medical Plan. Available at: https://www.metlife.ae/content/dam/refresh/uae_refresh/en/assets/pdf/quotation/Basicmedicalplan/plus5tob.pdf (Accessed: 18 July 2024).
    • Diagnosis: Al Hammadi, A. (2024). 'Abu Dhabi adjusts co-payment for Basic Health Insurance Plan', Gulf News, 1 June. Available at: https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/abu-dhabi-adjusts-co-payment-for-basic-health-insurance-plan-1.102901015 (Accessed: 18 July 2024).
    • Spirometry access: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of peak flow measurement (spirometry) at the primary health care level. Available at: [WHO Data]
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation access: Abdul Qayyum Neyyar Z, Alaparthi GK, Bairapareddy KC. A survey on awareness of the disease and pulmonary rehabilitation in bronchial asthma patients in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One. 2024 Jan 25;19(1):e0294463. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294463. PMID: 38271368; PMCID: PMC10810485.
    • Ambulatory oxygen access: No information retrieved.
    • Home care reimbursement: Royal Clinic Dubai, n.d. Home Nursing Services Cost in Dubai. Available at: https://www.royalclinicdubai.com/en-ae/home-nursing-services-cost-in-dubai/.
    • Availability of nicotine replacement therapy: World Health Organization (WHO) (2024) General availability of nicotine replacement therapy in the public health sector. Available at:
    • Care referral pathways: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Telemedicine and remote care: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Digital therapeutics: DLA Piper. 2023. "Telehealth around the world."
    • Health service access and equity: No information retrieved.
    • Universal health care coverage: World Health Organization, 2024. UHC Service Coverage Index.
    • Proportion of population in relative poverty: Our World in Data. 2024.; World Bank. 2024.
  • Health System Characteristics
    • COPD hospitalisations: No information retrieved.
    • Hospital readmissions: No information retrieved.
    • Health data collection and reporting: United Arab Emirates Ministry of Health and Prevention. 2023.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: No information retrieved.
    • Primary care physician density: No information retrieved.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: No information retrieved.
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.
  • Disease Burden
    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
  • Environmental Factors
    • Indoor air quality: No information retrieved.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: No information retrieved.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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United Kingdom

  • Resources

    1. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications
    2. https://www.nice.org.uk
    3. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/

  • Policy Context

    • Best practices and guidelines for COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • COPD strategy: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Occupational exposure policy: International Labour Organization, 2024. Chemical Exposure Limits.
    • Personalised COPD care: Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies. COPD Care Foresight Study. 2024.
    • Tobacco control policy: World Health Organization, 2023. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.

  • Access and Care Coverage

  • Health System Characteristics

    • COPD hospitalisations: OECD. Healthcare Quality Indicators: Primary Care. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Hospital readmissions: Waeijen-Smit K, Jacobsen PA, Houben-Wilke S, Simons SO, Franssen FME, Spruit MA, Pedersen CT, Kragholm KH, Weinreich UM. All-cause admissions following a first ever exacerbation-related hospitalisation in COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):00217-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2022. PMID: 36605904; PMCID: PMC9808537.
    • Health data collection and reporting: World Health Organization, 2022. National EHR System Indicator.
    • Number of respiratory specialists: ERS. European Lung White Book. 2013.
    • Primary care physician density: World Health Organization, 2024. Health Workforce.
    • Influenza Immunisation Rate: OECD. Influenza Vaccination Rates. 2022 (or latest year).
    • Covid-19 immunisation rate: Our World in Data. 2024.
    • Pneumococcal vaccination rate among newborns: World Health Organization, 2024 (Latest). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds.

  • Disease Burden

    • Societal cost of COPD: Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, Yu F, Yang T, Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Wang C. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Aug;11(8):e1183-e1193. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00217-6. PMID: 37474226; PMCID: PMC10369014.
    • Burden of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • COPD deaths: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of COPD: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Sex-based inequality: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Adult tobacco use rate: The World Bank. Prevalence of current tobacco use. 2023 (or latest year).
    • Maternal smoking rate: Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e769–76.
    • Prevalence of tuberculosis: World Health Organization 2023. Global Tuberculosis Programme Data.
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Prevalence of HIV: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)

  • Environmental Factors

    • Indoor air quality: Eurostat. Share of total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor - EU-SILC survey. 2024.
    • Particulate matter levels: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Surface temperature increase: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT: Temperature change on land. 2024.
    • Biomass smoke exposure: The World Bank. Databank. World Development Indicators. 2024 (or latest available data).
    • Tobacco production: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024. FAOSTAT: Data on Crops and Livestock.
    • Mining production: Reichl and Schatz. 2024. (2022 data)
    • Share of primary energy consumption from fossil fuels: Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy. 2023.
    • Occupational exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)
    • Environmental exposure: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. (2021 data)


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